Τετάρτη 11 Ιουλίου 2012

CUPID AND PSYCHE ( A Hellenic and Roman Mythos)


I

In a far country there was a king and queen who had three daughters: each of the maidens was beautiful; the youngest of them, how. ever, had such shape and lineaments that all words said in praise of beauty seemed but poor and empty when used about hers. Men came to where she dwelt as to a shrine; they would kiss the tips of their right hands at the sight of her, thus paying to this maiden (Psyche she was named) the same homage that was paid to Venus, the immortal Goddess.
Indeed, it began to be said that Venus had forsaken the courts of Heaven, and had come down to earth as a mortal maiden, and dwelt amongst men in the person of the youngest daughter of the king and queen of that far country. Then men sailed no longer to where there were the famous shrines of the Goddess Venus. The shrines in Paphos, and Cnidus, and Cythera were forsaken of worshippers, and men paid their devotions to a mortal maiden, to Psyche. When she went forth from her father's house in the morning the folk strewed flowers along the way, and sacrifices that should have been made to no one but to the immortal Goddess were made to her.
The rumours of such happenings soon reached to Venus herself. She said, "Shall I, judged the fairest amongst the immortal Goddesses by the Shepherd of Ida, shall I have mine honours taken away from me by an earthly girl? Not so. Little joy shall this Psyche have of the loveliness that the vain imaginations of the crowd have bestowed upon her." Thereupon Venus called to her son. She brought him with her to that far country, and she showed him the maiden Psyche as she walked the ways of the city. "I pray thee," she said, "to let thy mother have a vengeance that it is fitting she should have. See to it that this girl becomes the slave of an unworthy love." She embraced
him and she left him there, and she sailed for whatever shrine of hers had still some worshippers.
Her son was Cupid, that winged boy who goes through men's houses by night, armed with his bow and arrow, troubling their wedded lives. She left him there, gazing on the maiden Psyche. And gazing upon her, Cupid fell deeply in love with the maiden. He had no mind to carry out the command of his mother; he did not want to smite her mind with the madness of an unworthy love; rather he thought upon how he might win for himself the one who was fairer than any being upon earth or even in the heaven above.
And Psyche, adored by all for her beauty, had no joy in the fruit of it. She knew that she was wondered at, but wondered at as the work of the craftsman is wondered at that has in it some likeness of divinity. No man sought her in marriage. Her sisters were wedded, but she came to their age and passed their age and remained unasked for. She sat at home, and in her heart she cursed the beauty that pleased all men while it set her apart from the close thought of all. At last the king, her father, was forced to send and inquire of an oracle what he should do with this daughter of his. An answer came that meant a dreadful doom. "Let the maiden be placed on the top of a certain mountain, adorned as for marriage and for death, Look not for a son-in-law of mortal birth; he who will take her to his side is the serpent whom even the Gods are in dread of, and who makes the bodiless ones on the Styx afraid."
For many days after this doom had been made known there were lamentations in the king's household. Then, at last, knowing that the doom told might not be avoided, the queen brought out the adornments for her daughter's marriage and gathered a company to conduct the maiden to her dread bridal. All was made ready. But the torch lighted for the wedding gathered ashes and made a dark smoke; the joyful sound of the pipe changed into a wail; underneath her yellow wedding-veil the bride trembled and wept. The ceremonies for the marriage having been accomplished with hearts bowed down as at a funeral, Psyche was led from the city and to the place appointed on the mountain-top.
As she went she said to those who were with her, "This is the fruit of my much-talked-of loveliness! Ye weep for me now, but when the
folk celebrated me with divine honours--then was the time you should have wept for me as for one already dead! The name and titles given me have been my destruction! Lead me on and set my feet upon the appointed place! I am impatient to behold my bridegroom and give myself up to the serpent whom even the Gods are fearful of."
Then she said to her father and mother, "Do not waste what life you have weeping over me." She bade them good-bye. They left her on the mountain-top and went back mournfully to the city. Then night came down upon them there; they shut themselves in their house and gave themselves up to perpetual night.
As for Psyche, she stood upon the mountain-top in fear and trembling. The breeze came, the gentle Zephyrus. Zephyrus lifted Psyche up; he bore her, her bridal vesture floating on either side, down the side of the mountain, and he set her lightly amidst the flowers of the valley below.
Lightly was it all done. Psyche lay on a dewy bed in the valley, resting from the tumult of the days that had gone by. She awoke. She saw a grove with a fountain of water that was as clear as glass in the midst of it, and, by the fountain, a dwelling-place.
Psyche thought that this dwelling-place must be the abode of one of the immortal Gods. Golden pillars held up the roof. Cedar wood and ivory formed the arches. The walls were latticed with silver. Before the house, creatures of the wood and wild-rabbits, and squirrels, and deer sported, and all the birds that Psyche had ever seen or heard sang in the trees. And the very path that led to the house was set in stones that made pictures and stories.
Upon this path she went. She crossed the threshold of the house and went within. Beautiful things were there, and no locks, no chains, no guardian protected them. As she went through the house, drawn on by more and more delight, she heard a voice that said, "Lady and mistress! All that is here is thine! Rest now and relieve thy weariness. We whose voices thou hearest are servants to thee; when thou wilt, a feast fit for a queen will be made ready for thee."
Psyche went to sleep knowing that some divine being had care for her. She awoke and went to the bath; thereafter she sat down to the food that had been made ready for her--a banquet, indeed! Still she saw no one. She heard voices, but those who served her remained
invisible. When the feast was ended one whom she saw not entered and sang for her--sang to the chords of a harp that was played for her by one unseen. The night came and the lamps were lighted by unseen hands. Then they were quenched by unseen hands, and to Psyche, lying in her bed, the bridegroom came. He departed before the dawn, and she was a wife.
The day was before her, and the attendant minstrels sang to her; she heard their voices and she heard the music they made for her. The night came; the lamps were lighted and quenched, and to Psyche her husband came as before. And as before, he departed before the dawn came. And this went on for many nights. Then to his bride one night the bridegroom said, "O Psyche, my life and my spouse! Fortune is becoming ill-favored towards us! Thou art threatened with a danger that may be mortal. Harken! Thy sisters are about to go seeking for traces of thee. They will come to the mountain-top in their search. But if their cries come to thee in this abode, do not answer, nor go forth at all. If thou dost, it may be that thou shalt bring sorrow and destruction upon us both. But that shall be as thou wilt!"
Psyche promised that she would do all he would have her do. The bridegroom departed, going forth ere the darkness had gone. That day Psyche heard the voices of her sisters as they went calling her name. And in that house empty of all save voices, she thought that she was indeed dead and cut off from her sisters and her parents. She thought upon how they had wept for her, and she wept herself to think that she had no power to console them. In the night the bridegroom returned. Kissing her face, he found it wet with tears.
He blamed her; she wept the more. Then, as dawn came, he said, "Be it as thou wilt. Let thy pain cease, and do as thou dost desire. Yet wilt thou, Psyche, remember the warning I have given thee." All this he said when she told him that she would die unless she might see and speak with her sisters who were seeking for her.
"Yet one thing shall I say to thee," he said. "If they come here to thee give them all the gifts thou wilt; but do not yield thyself to their doubts about me. Thou knowest me, thy husband. Do not yield to the counsel of thy sisters and inquire concerning my bodily form. If thou dost, thou and I may never again embrace each other."
Then Psyche wept; she said she would die a hundred times rather than forego his dear embraces. In a while he relented, and he spoke less harshly. Then Psyche said, "For the sake of the love I have given thee bid thy servant Zephyrus bring hither my sisters as he brought me." Her husband promised that this would be done. Then, ere the light appeared, he vanished.

II

Her sisters, coming to the place where Psyche was left, sought for traces of her. Finding none they wept, lifting up their voices. Zephyrus came; he raised them up; he bore them down from that mountain-top. He bore them to the lawn that was before the house where Psyche had her abode.
She heard their cries; she came out of her wondrous house and she brought them within it. "Enter now," she said, "and relieve your sorrow in the company of Psyche, your sister." She displayed to them all the treasures of that wondrous house; they heard the voices and they saw how the unseen ones ministered to Psyche. Her sisters were filled with wonder; but soon their wonder gave place to envy. "Who is he?" they asked, "your husband and the lord of all these wondrous things?" "A young man," said Psyche. "I would have you look upon him, but for the most part of the day he hunts upon the mountain." Then, lest the secret should slip from her tongue, she loaded her sisters with gold and gems, and, summoning Zephyrus with words that she had heard her husband utter, she commanded him to bear them to the mountain-top.
They returned to their homes, each of them filled with envy of Psyche's fortune. "Look now," they said to each other, "what has come about! We the elder sisters have been given in marriage to men we did not know and who were of little account. And she, our youngest sister, is possessed of such great riches That she is able to give us these golden things and these gems as if they were mere keepsakes. What a hoard of wealth is in her house! You saw, sisters, the crowns, and glittering gems, and gold trodden under foot! If her husband is noble and handsome enough to match that house, then no woman in the world is as lucky or as happy as that Psyche whom we left upon
the mountain-top!" And, saying this, they became more and more filled with envy, and with the malice that comes from envy unchecked.
Then one said to the other, "This husband of hers may be of divine nature, and through his mere fondness for her, he may make her a Goddess. Yes, as a Goddess she ever bore herself! How intolerable it would be if all that was thought about her were realized, and she became as one of the Immortals."
And so, filled with their envy and malice, they returned to that golden house and they said to Psyche, "Thou livest in folly, and knowst nothing of a danger that threatens thee. Thou hast never seen thy husband--that we know. But others have seen him, and they know him for a deadly serpent. Remember the words of the oracle, which declared thee destined for a devouring beast. There are those who have seen that beast at nightfall, coming back from his feeding and entering this house. And now thou art to be a mother! The beast only waits for the babe to be born so that he may devour both the babe and thee. Nothing can be done for thee, perhaps, because thou mayst delight in this rich and secret place, and even in a loathsome love. But at least we, thy sisters, have done our part in bidding thee beware!" So they spoke, and Psyche was carried away by their words, and lost the memory of her husband's commands and her own promises. She cried out in anguish, "It may be that those who say these things tell the truth! For in very truth I have never seen the face of my husband, nor know I at all what form and likeness he has. He frightens me from the sight of him, telling me that some great evil should befall if I looked upon his face. O ye who were reared with me, help, if you can, your sister, in the great peril that faces her now!"
Her sisters, filled with malice, answered, "The way to safety we have well considered, and we will show it to thee. Take a sharp knife and hide it in that part of the couch where thou art wont to lie. Place a lighted lamp behind a curtain. And when thou hearest him breathe in sleep, slip from the couch, and, holding the lamp, look upon him. Have in thy hand the knife. Then it is for thee to put forth all thy strength and strike his serpent's head off. Then thou wilt be delivered from the doom which the vain talk about thy beauty brought upon thee, and thou mayst return to thy father's house."
Saying this, her sisters departed hastily. And Psyche, left alone,
was tossed up and down as on the waves of the sea. The apprehension of a great calamity was upon her: she thought she could avert it by making strong her will for the deed that her sisters had counselled her to carry out. Evening came, and in haste she made ready for the terrible deed. Darkness came; he whom she had known for her bride. groom came to her out of the darkness. In a while she, lying rigidly there, knew by his breath that he was asleep.
She arose, she who before was of no strength at all; she drew forth the knife in the darkness and held it in her right hand. She took up the lighted lamp. And then she saw what lay on the couch. Then indeed she became afraid; her limbs failed under her, and she would have buried the knife in her own bosom. For there lay Love himself, with golden locks, and ruddy cheeks, and white throat. There lay Love with his pinions, yet fresh with dew, spotless upon his shoulders. Smooth he was, and touched with a light that was from Venus, his mother. And at the foot of the couch his bow and arrows were laid.
Then Psyche, with indrawn breath, bent over to kiss his lips. And it chanced that a drop of burning oil from that lamp which she held fell upon his shoulder. At the touch of that burning drop, the God started up. He saw her bending over him; he saw the whole of her faithlessness; putting her hands away he lifted himself from the couch and fled away.
And Psyche, as he rose upon the wing, laid hold on him with her hands, striving to stay his flight. But she could not stay it; he went from her and she sank down upon the ground. As she lay there the dawn came, and she saw through the casement her divine lover where he rested upon a cypress-tree that grew near. She could not cry out to him. He spoke to her in great emotion. "Foolish one," he said, "Venus, my mother, would have devoted thee to a love that was all baseness. Unmindful of her command I would not have that doom befall thee. Mine own flesh I pierced with mine arrow, and I took thee for my love. I brought thee here, I made thee my wife, and all only that I might seem a monster beside thee, and that thou shouldst seek to wound the head wherein lay the eyes that were so full of love for thee. I thought I could put thee on thy guard against those who were ready to make snares for thee. Now all is over. I would but punish thee by my flight hence!"
Prostrate upon the earth Psyche watched, as far as sight might reach, the flight of her spouse. When the breadth of space had parted him wholly from her, she ran without. Far she wandered from that golden house where she had dwelt with Love. She came to where a river ran. In her despair she cast herself into it. But as it happened, Pan, the rustic God, was on the river-bank, playing upon a reed. Hard by, his flock of goats browsed at will. The shaggy God took Psyche out of the stream. "I am but a herdsman," he said to her, "a herdsman and rustic. But I am wise by reason of my length of days and my long experience of the world. I guess by thy sorrowful eyes and thy continual sighing that thy trouble comes from love. Then, pretty maiden, listen to me, and seek not death again in the stream or elsewhere. Put aside thy woe, and make thy prayers to Cupid. He is a God who is won by service; give him, therefore, thy service."
Psyche was not able to answer anything. She left the God with his goats and went on her way. And now she was resolved to go through the world in search of Cupid, her spouse. And he, even then, was in his mother's house: he lay there in pain from the wound that the burning drop from Psyche's lamp had given him. Heart-sick was he, too. The white bird that floats over the waves and is his mother's, seeing him come back, went across the sea, and, approaching Venus as she bathed, made known to her that her son lay afflicted with some grievous hurt. Thereupon she issued from the sea, and, returning to her golden house, found Cupid there, wounded and afflicted in his mind. Soon she found out the cause of his suffering and became filled with anger. "Well done!" she cried. "To trample on thy mother's precepts and to spare her enemy the cross that she had designed for her-the cross of an unworthy love! Nay, to have united yourself with her, giving me a daughter-in-law who hates me! But I will make her and thee repent of the love that has been between you, and the savour of your marriage bitter!" And saying this, Venus hastened in anger from her house.
Psyche was wandering hither and thither, seeking her husband, her whole heart set upon soothing his anger by the endearments of a wife, or, if he would not accept her as a wife, by the services
of a handmaiden. One day, seeing a temple on the top of a mountain, she went towards it, hoping to find there some traces of her lord. Within the temple there were ears of wheat in heaps or twisted into chaplets; there were ears of barley also; there were sickles and all the instruments of harvest. And Psyche, saying to herself, "I may not neglect the shrines, nor the holy service of any God or Goddess, but must strive to win by my works the favour of them all." And so saying she put the sickles and the instruments of harvest, the chaplets and the heaps of grain, into their proper places.
And Ceres, the Goddess of the harvest, found her bending over the tasks she had set herself. She knew her for Psyche, the wife of Cupid. "Ah, Psyche," said the Goddess, "Venus, in her anger, is tracking thy footsteps through the world; she is seeking thee to make thee pay the greatest penalty that can be exacted from thee. And here I find thee taking care of the things that are in my care!" Then Psyche fell at the feet of Ceres, and sweeping the floor with her hair, and washing the feet of the Goddess with her tears, she besought her to have mercy on her. "Suffer me to hide myself for a few days amongst the heaps of grain, till my strength, outworn in my long travail, be recovered by a little rest," she cried. But Ceres answered, "Truly thy tears move me, and I fain would help thee. But I dare not incur the ill-will of my kinswoman. Depart from this as quickly as may be." Then Psyche, filled with a new hopelessness, went away from that temple. Soon, as she went through the half-lighted woods in the valley below, she came to where there was another temple. She saw rich offerings and garments of price hung upon the door-posts and to the branches of the trees, and on them, in letters of gold, were wrought the name of the Goddess to whom they were dedicated. So Psyche went within that temple, and with knees bent and hands laid about the altar, she prayed, "O Iuno, sister and spouse of Iuppiter, thou art called the Auspicious! Be auspicious to my desperate for. tune! Willingly dost thou help those in child-birth! Deliver me, therefore--O deliver me from the peril that is upon me!" And as Psyche prayed thus, Iuno, in all the majesty of the spouse of Iuppiter, appeared before her. And the Goddess, being present, answered, "Would that I might incline to thy prayer; but against the will of Venus whom I have ever loved as a daughter, I may not grant what thou dost
ask of me!" Then Psyche went forth from that temple, and filled with more and more dismay, she said to herself, "Whither now shall I take my way? In what solitude can I hide myself from the all-seeing eye of Venus? It is best that I should go before her, and yield myself up to her as to a mistress, and take from her any punishment that even she can inflict upon me." And saying this, Psyche went towards where Venus had her house. And as she went on she said to herself, "Who knows but I may find him whom my soul seeketh after in the abode of his mother?"
When she came near to the doors of the house of Venus, one of the servants ran out to her, crying, "Hast thou learned at last, wicked maid, that thou hast a mistress?" And seizing Psyche by the hair of her head she dragged her into the presence of the Goddess. And when Venus saw her she laughed, saying, "Thou hast deigned at last to make thy salutations to thy mother-in-law. Now will I see to it that thou makest thyself a dutiful and obedient daughter-in-law."
Saying this she took barley and millet and every kind of grain and seed, and mixed them all together, making a great heap of them. Then she said to Psyche, "Methinks that so plain a maid can only win a lover by the tokens of her industry. Get to work, therefore, and show what thou canst do. Sort this heap of grain, separating the one kind from the other, grain by grain, and see to it that thy task is finished before the evening." Then Venus went from her, and Psyche, appalled by her bidding, was silent and could not put a hand upon the heap. Listlessly she sat beside it and the hours passed. But a little ant came before her; he understood the difficulty of her task and he had pity upon her. He ran hither and thither and summoned the army of the ants. "Have pity," he said to them, "upon the wife of Love, and hasten to help her in her task." Then the host of the insect people gathered together; they sorted the whole heap of grain, separating one kind from the other. And having done this they all departed suddenly.
At nightfall Venus returned; she saw that Psyche's task was finished and she cried out in anger. "The work is not thine; he in whose eyes thou hast found favour surely instructed thee as to how to have it done." She went from Psyche then. But early in the morning she called to her and said, "In the grove yonder, across the torrent, there
are sheep whose fleeces shine with gold. Fetch me straightway shreds of that precious stuff, having gotten it in whatever way thou mayst."
Then Psyche went forth. She stood beside the torrent thinking that she would seek for rest in the depth of it. But from the river-bed the green reed, lowly mother of music, whispered to her and said, "O psyche! Do not pollute these waters by self-destruction! I will tell thee of a way to get the gold shreds of the fleece of yonder fierce flock. Lie down under yonder plane-tree and rest yourself until the coming of evening and the quiet of the river's sound has soothed the flock. Then go amongst the trees that they have been under and gather the shreds of the fleeces from the trees--the leaves hold the golden shreds."
Psyche, instructed by the simple reed, did all that she was told to do. In the quiet of the evening she went into the grove, and she put into her bosom the soft golden stuff that was held by the leaves. Then she returned to where Venus was. The Goddess smiled bitterly upon her, and she said, "Well do I know whence came the instruction that thou hast profited by; but I am not finished with thee yet. Seest thou the utmost peak of yonder mountain? The dark stream which flows down from it waters the Stygian fields, and swells the flood of Cocytus. Bring me now, in this little cruse, a draught from its innermost source." And saying this, Venus put into Psyche's hands a vessel of wrought crystal.
Psyche went up the mountain, but she sought only for a place in which she could bring her life to an end. She came to where there was a rock steep and slippery. From that rock a river poured forth and fell down into an unseen gulf below. And from the rocks on every side serpents came with long necks and unblinking eyes. The very waters found a voice; they said in stifled voices, "What dost thou here?" "Look around thee!" "Destruction is upon thee!" All sense left her, and she stood like one changed into rock.
But the bird of Iuppiter took flight to her. He spread his wings over her and said, "Simple one! Didst thou think that thou couldst steal one drop of that relentless stream, the river that is terrible even to the Gods! But give me the vessel." And the eagle took the cruse, and filled it at the source, and returned to her quickly from amongst the raised heads of the serpents.
Then Psyche, receiving the cruse as the gift of life itself, ran back quickly and brought it to Venus. But the angry Goddess was not yet satisfied. "One task more remains for you to do," she said to Psyche. "Take now this tiny casket, and give it to Proserpine. Tell her that Venus would have of her beauty as much as might suffice for one day's use. Tell her this and take back in the casket what the Queen of Hades will give thee. And be not slow in returning."
Then Psyche perceived that she was now being thrust upon death, and that she would have to go, of her own motion, down to Hades and the Shades. Straightway she climbed to the top of a high tower, thinking to herself, "I will cast myself down hence, and so descend more quickly to the Kingdom of the Dead." But the tower spoke to her and said, "Wretched maiden! If the breath quit thy body, then wilt thou indeed go down to Hades, but by no means return to the upper air again. Listen to me. Not far from this place there is a mountain, and in that mountain there is a hole that is a vent for Hades. Through it is a rough way; following it one comes in a straight course to the castle of Orcus. But thou must not go empty-handed. Take in each hand a morsel of barley-bread, soaked in hydromel, and in thy mouth have two pieces of money. When thou art well forward on the way thou wilt overtake a lame ass laden with wood, and a lame driver; he will beg thee to hand to him certain cords to fasten the burden which is falling from the ass: heed him not; pass by him in silence. Thou wilt come to the River of the Dead. Charon, in that leaky bark he hath, will put thee over upon the farther side. Thou shalt deliver to him, for his ferry-charge, one of these two pieces of money. But thou must deliver it in such a way that his hand shall take it from between thy lips. As thou art crossing the stream an old man, rising on the water, will put up his mouldering hands, and pray thee to draw him into the ferry-boat. But beware that thou yield not to unlawful pity.
"When thou art across the stream and upon the level ground, certain grey-haired women, spinning, will cry to thee to lend thy hand to their work. But again beware! Take no part in that spinning! If thou dost thou wilt cast away one of the cakes thou bearest in thine hands. But remember that the loss of either of these cakes will be to thee the loss of the light of day. For a watchdog lies before the
threshold of the lonely house of Proserpine. Close his mouth with one of thy cakes, so he will let thee pass. Then thou shalt enter into the presence of Proserpine herself. Do thou deliver thy message, and taking what the Queen of the Dead shall give thee, return back again, offering to the watchdog the other cake, and to the ferryman the other piece of money that thou hast in thy mouth. After this manner mayst thou return again to the light of day. And I charge thee not to look into, nor open, the casket thou bearest with the treasure of the beauty of the divine features hidden therein."
So the stories of the tower spoke. Psyche gave heed to all that they said. She entered the lonely house of Proserpine. At the feet of the Goddess of the Dead she sat down humbly; she would not rest upon the couch that was there nor take any of the food that was offered her. She delivered her message and she waited. Then Proserpine filled the casket secretly and shut the lid, and handed it to Psyche. She went from the house; she remembered the sop she had to give the watchdog and the fee she had to give the ferryman. She came back into the light of day. Now even as she hasted into the presence of Venus she said to herself, "I have in my hands the divine loveliness. Should I touch myself with a particle of it I should have a beauty indeed that would please him whom I still seek, him whom I still hope to be beside." Saying this, she raised the lid of the casket. Behold! what was within was sleep only, the sleep that was like the sleep of the dead! That sleep overcame Psyche, and she lay upon the ground and moved not.
But now Cupid, being healed of the wound from the burning oil, and longing for Psyche, his beloved, flew from the chamber in his mother's house. He found Psyche lying in slumber. He shook that slumber from her, and awakened her with the point of his arrow. Then he rose upon the air, and he went vehemently upon his way until he came into the highest court of Heaven. There sat Iuppiter, the Father of Gods and men. When Cupid went to him, Iuppiter took his hand in his, and kissed his face and said to him, "At no time, my son, hast thou regarded me with due honour. With those busy arrows of thine thou hast often upset the harmony that it is mine to bring about. But because thou hast grown up between these hands of mine, will accomplish thy desire." He bade Mercury call the Gods together.
[paragraph continues] And the Gods being assembled, Iuppiter said to them, "Ye Gods, it seems good to me that this boy should be confined in the bonds of marriage. And he has chosen and embraced a mortal maiden. Let him have the fruit of his love, and possess her for ever."
Thereupon the Father of the Gods bade Mercury produce Psyche amongst them. She was brought into the highest court of Heaven. The Father of the Gods held out to her his ambrosial cup. "Drink of it," he said, "and live for ever. Cupid shall never depart from thee." Then the Gods sat down to the marriage-feast. On the first couch was the bridegroom with his Psyche at his bosom. Bacchus served wine to the rest of the company, but his own serving-boy served it to Iuppiter. The Seasons crimsoned all things with their roses. Apollo sang to his lyre. Pan prattled on his reeds. Venus danced very sweetly to the soft music. And thus, with all due rites, did Psyche, horn a mortal, become the immortal wife of Love. From Cupid and Psyche was born a daughter whom men call Voluptas.

Homer and his works


 The Iliad of Homer, Samuel Butler translator [1898]


Odyssey Homer in the original Greek.

 The Homeric Hymns, translated by Hugh G. Evelyn-White [1914]

By Padraic Colum, Illustrations by Willy Pogany [1918]
A retelling of the story of Odysseus with gorgeous line-art illustrations.
Thanks to Eliza Fegley at sacredspiral.com.

 The Authoress of the Odyssey, by Samuel Butler, [1922]
Men are from the Iliad, Women are from the Odyssey...

 Homeric Fragments, translated by Hugh G. Evelyn-White [1914]. A few scattered notes about other lost works of Homer.

For over three centuries scholars have debated whether an actual person named Homer existed; some have speculated that the name Homer is actually a collective name for a group of bards (the Homeridae) who redacted (edited) a existing cycle of oral epics about 800 B.C.E. Others believe, based on textual evidence, that one person did compose or redact the two major Homeric compositions. In any case, stating an opinion about this question would be a good way to start a bar fight at a conference of classical scholars....

Certainly, there are few details about Homer's life. According to classical sources, Homer lived around 1200 B.C.E.; today dates of the 8th or 7th Century B.C.E. are quoted. Homer is traditionally described as being blind--based on one Archaic Greek fragment--but the visual quality of his work makes this hard to believe; perhaps he became blind later in life.

The Homeric cycle was composed around the same time as the Indian Ramayana, which it resembles thematically. The entire Homeric cycle, of which the Iliad and Odyssey are the only complete surviving works, included dozens of books composed by Homer and others. Some fragments of this cycle are included below.

The Illiad is based on events which probably occurred around 1000 B.C.E. The Mycenean Greeks of this era were contemporaries with a Bronze age city in Asia Minor on the Aegean coast of what today is Turkey. Both these cultures employed megalithic architecture. Heinrich Schliemann, a German archeologist in the early 20th Century, excavated both Mycenae in the Peloponessus region of Greece, and another site in western Turkey which he identified as the actual city of Troy. 'Troy' was destroyed (sometimes by fire) and rebuilt--not once, but multiple times--and resembles closely the description of Troy in the Iliad. Whether the events in the Iliad are literally true in some sense is still unknown. The Odyssey, on the other hand, is pure fiction, and one must strain to correlate its plot with any actual geography or history; it has been called the first science fiction novel.

In any case, these stories remain the most ancient European literature that we have intact; because of their lively pacing and vivid characters they still have strong appeal for modern readers.

Homerica

The following are fragments written by other authors in antiquity on the subject of the Homeric epic and Homer; some of these were spuriously attributed to Homer. These are remnants of a huge epic cycle which encompassed the whole mythological and legendary history of the Greeks, of which the battle for Troy is the centerpiece. The cycle was never completely canonized, and as late as classical Roman times Virgils' Aeneid added yet another epic poem to the collection. It seems that sequels and prequels were just as popular in Ancient Greece as in modern Hollywood...

These are from Hesiod, the Homeric Hymns and Homerica by Hugh G. Evelyn-White, [1914] (Loeb Classics #57). The other portions of this book are presented above on this page, and in the Hesiod section; this etext was scanned as the Online Medieval and Classical Library Release #8 by Douglas B. Killings, and is also available from the Gutenburg Project.


 The Cypria (Fragments). Fragments of a prequel to the Iliad by Hegesias or Stasinus, attributed to Homer. 

 Aethiopis (Fragments). Fragments of another epic with Homeric characters. 

 The Little Iliad (Fragments) An abridged Iliad attributed to Lesches of Mitylene. 

 The Sack of Ilium (fragments) by Arctinus of Miletus. 

 The Returns and The Telegony (Fragments) The Returns, by Agias of Troezen was set between the Iliad and Odyssey, it described the homecoming of the other Achaean heros from Troy; The Telegony, by Eugammon of Cyrene, of which we have only a synopsis by Proclus, is a sequel to the Odyssey. 

These are a couple of humorous pieces on Homeric themes. 

 The Battle of Frogs and Mice. A short parody of the Iliad. 
 The Contest of Homer and Hesiod. A bardic battle royale between Homer and Hesiod. 

OF THE ORIGIN OF HOMER AND HESIOD, AND OF THEIR CONTEST


(The Contest of Homer and Hesiod)

translated by Hugh G. Evelyn-White

[1914]

Everyone boasts that the most divine of poets, Homer and Hesiod, are said to be his particular countrymen. Hesiod, indeed, has put a name to his native place and so prevented any rivalry, for he said that his father `settled near Helicon in a wretched hamlet, Ascra, which is miserable in winter, sultry in summer, and good at no season.' But, as for Homer, you might almost say that every city with its inhabitants claims him as her son. Foremost are the men of Smyrna who say that he was the Son of Meles, the river of their town, by a nymph Cretheis, and that he was at first called Melesigenes. He was named Homer later, when he became blind, this being their usual epithet for such people. The Chians, on the other hand, bring forward evidence to show that he was their countrymen, saying that there actually remain some of his descendants among them who are called Homeridae. The Colophonians even show the place where they declare that he began to compose when a schoolmaster, and say that his first work was the "Margites".
As to his parents also, there is on all hands great disagreement.
Hellanicus and Cleanthes say his father was Maeon, but Eugaeon says Meles; Callicles is for Mnesagoras, Democritus of Troezen for Daemon, a merchant-trader. Some, again, say he was the son of Thamyras, but the Egyptians say of Menemachus, a priest- scribe, and there are even those who father him on Telemachus, the son of Odysseus. As for his mother, she is variously called Metis, Cretheis, Themista, and Eugnetho. Others say she was an Ithacan woman sold as a slave by the Phoenicians; other, Calliope the Muse; others again Polycasta, the daughter of Nestor.
Homer himself was called Meles or, according to different accounts, Melesigenes or Altes. Some authorities say he was called Homer, because his father was given as a hostage to the Persians by the men of Cyprus; others, because of his blindness; for amongst the Aeolians the blind are so called. We will set down, however, what we have heard to have been said by the Pythia concerning Homer in the time of the most sacred Emperor Hadrian. When the monarch inquired from what city Homer came, and whose son he was, the priestess delivered a response in hexameters after this fashion:
`Do you ask me of the obscure race and country of the heavenly siren? Ithaca is his country, Telemachus his father, and Epicasta, Nestor's daughter, the mother that bare him, a man by far the wisest of mortal kind.' This we must most implicitly believe, the inquirer and the answerer being who they are -- especially since the poet has so greatly glorified his grandfather in his works.
Now some say that he was earlier than Hesiod, others that he was younger and akin to him. They give his descent thus: Apollo and Aethusa, daughter of Poseidon, had a son Linus, to whom was born Pierus. From Pierus and the nymph Methone sprang Oeager; and from Oeager and Calliope Orpheus; from Orpheus, Dres; and from him, Eucles. The descent is continued through Iadmonides, Philoterpes, Euphemus, Epiphrades and Melanopus who had sons Dius and Apelles. Dius by Pycimede, the daughter of Apollo had two sons Hesiod and Perses; while Apelles begot Maeon who was the father of Homer by a daughter of the River Meles.
According to one account they flourished at the same time and even had a contest of skill at Chalcis in Euboea. For, they say, after Homer had composed the "Margites", he went about from city to city as a minstrel, and coming to Delphi, inquired who he was and of what country? The Pythia answered:
`The Isle of Ios is your mother's country and it shall receive you dead; but beware of the riddle of the young children.' (1)
Hearing this, it is said, he hesitated to go to Ios, and remained in the region where he was. Now about the same time Ganyctor was celebrating the funeral rites of his father Amphidamas, king of Euboea, and invited to the gathering not only all those who were famous for bodily strength and fleetness of foot, but also those who excelled in wit, promising them great rewards. And so, as the story goes, the two went to Chalcis and met by chance. The leading Chalcidians were judges together with Paneides, the brother of the dead king; and it is said that after a wonderful contest between the two poets, Hesiod won in the following manner: he came forward into the midst and put Homer one question after another, which Homer answered. Hesiod, then, began:
`Homer, son of Meles, inspired with wisdom from heaven, come, tell me first what is best for mortal man?'
HOMER: `For men on earth 'tis best never to be born at all; or being born, to pass through the gates of Hades with all speed.'
Hesiod then asked again:
`Come, tell me now this also, godlike Homer: what think you in your heart is most delightsome to men?'
Homer answered:
`When mirth reigns throughout the town, and feasters about the house, sitting in order, listen to a minstrel; when the tables beside them are laden with bread and meat, and a wine-bearer draws sweet drink from the mixing-bowl and fills the cups: this I think in my heart to be most delightsome.'
It is said that when Homer had recited these verses, they were so admired by the Greeks as to be called golden by them, and that even now at public sacrifices all the guests solemnly recite them before feasts and libations. Hesiod, however, was annoyed by Homer's felicity and hurried on to pose him with hard questions. He therefore began with the following lines:
`Come, Muse; sing not to me of things that are, or that shall be, or that were of old; but think of another song.'
Then Homer, wishing to escape from the impasse by an apt answer, replied: --
`Never shall horses with clattering hoofs break chariots, striving for victory about the tomb of Zeus.'
Here again Homer had fairly met Hesiod, and so the latter turned to sentences of doubtful meaning (2): he recited many lines and required Homer to complete the sense of each appropriately. The first of the following verses is Hesiod's and the next Homer's: but sometimes Hesiod puts his question in two lines.
HESIOD: `Then they dined on the flesh of oxen and their horses' necks --'
HOMER: `They unyoked dripping with sweat, when they had had enough of war.'
HESIOD: `And the Phrygians, who of all men are handiest at ships --'
HOMER: `To filch their dinner from pirates on the beach.'
HESIOD: `To shoot forth arrows against the tribes of cursed giants with his hands --'
HOMER: `Heracles unslung his curved bow from his shoulders.'
HESIOD: `This man is the son of a brave father and a weakling --'
HOMER: `Mother; for war is too stern for any woman.'
HESIOD: `But for you, your father and lady mother lay in love --'
HOMER: `When they begot you by the aid of golden Aphrodite.'
HESIOD: `But when she had been made subject in love, Artemis, who delights in arrows --'
HOMER: `Slew Callisto with a shot of her silver bow.'
HESIOD: `So they feasted all day long, taking nothing --'
HOMER: `From their own houses; for Agamemnon, king of men, supplied them.'
HESIOD: `When they had feasted, they gathered among the glowing ashes the bones of the dead Zeus --'
HOMER: `Born Sarpedon, that bold and godlike man.'
HESIOD: `Now we have lingered thus about the plain of Simois, forth from the ships let us go our way, upon our shoulders --'
HOMER: `Having our hilted swords and long-helved spears.'
HESIOD: `Then the young heroes with their hands from the sea --'
HOMER: `Gladly and swiftly hauled out their fleet ship.'
HESIOD: `Then they came to Colchis and king Aeetes --'
HOMER: `They avoided; for they knew he was inhospitable and lawless.'
HESIOD: `Now when they had poured libations and deeply drunk, the surging sea --'
HOMER: `They were minded to traverse on well-built ships.'
HESIOD: `The Son of Atreus prayed greatly for them that they all might perish --'
HOMER: `At no time in the sea: and he opened his mouth said:'
HESIOD: `Eat, my guests, and drink, and may no one of you return home to his dear country --'
HOMER: `Distressed; but may you all reach home again unscathed.'
When Homer had met him fairly on every point Hesiod said:
`Only tell me this thing that I ask: How many Achaeans went to Ilium with the sons of Atreus?'
Homer answered in a mathematical problem, thus:
`There were fifty hearths, and at each hearth were fifty spits, and on each spit were fifty carcases, and there were thrice three hundred Achaeans to each joint.'
This is found to be an incredible number; for as there were fifty hearths, the number of spits is two thousand five hundred; and of carcasses, one hundred and twenty thousand...
Homer, then, having the advantage on every point, Hesiod was jealous and began again:
`Homer, son of Meles, if indeed the Muses, daughters of great Zeus the most high, honour you as it is said, tell me a standard that is both best and worst for mortal-men; for I long to know it.' Homer replied: `Hesiod, son of Dius, I am willing to tell you what you command, and very readily will I answer you. For each man to be a standard will I answer you. For each man to be a standard to himself is most excellent for the good, but for the bad it is the worst of all things. And now ask me whatever else your heart desires.'
HESIOD: `How would men best dwell in cities, and with what observances?'
HOMER: `By scorning to get unclean gain and if the good were honoured, but justice fell upon the unjust.'
HESIOD: `What is the best thing of all for a man to ask of the gods in prayer?'
HOMER: `That he may be always at peace with himself continually.'
HESIOD: `Can you tell me in briefest space what is best of all?'
HOMER: `A sound mind in a manly body, as I believe.'
HESIOD: `Of what effect are righteousness and courage?'
HOMER: `To advance the common good by private pains.'
HESIOD: `What is the mark of wisdom among men?'
HOMER: `To read aright the present, and to march with the occasion.'
HESIOD: `In what kind of matter is it right to trust in men?'
HOMER: `Where danger itself follows the action close.'
HESIOD: `What do men mean by happiness?'
HOMER: `Death after a life of least pain and greatest pleasure.'
After these verses had been spoken, all the Hellenes called for Homer to be crowned. But King Paneides bade each of them recite the finest passage from his own poems. Hesiod, therefore, began as follows:
`When the Pleiads, the daughters of Atlas, begin to rise begin the harvest, and begin ploughing ere they set. For forty nights and days they are hidden, but appear again as the year wears round, when first the sickle is sharpened. This is the law of the plains and for those who dwell near the sea or live in the rich-soiled valleys, far from the wave-tossed deep: strip to sow, and strip to plough, and strip to reap when all things are in season.' (3)
Then Homer:
`The ranks stood firm about the two Aiantes, such that not even Ares would have scorned them had he met them, nor yet Athena who saves armies. For there the chosen best awaited the charge of the Trojans and noble Hector, making a fence of spears and serried shields. Shield closed with shield, and helm with helm, and each man with his fellow, and the peaks of their head-pieces with crests of horse-hair touched as they bent their heads: so close they stood together. The murderous battle bristled with the long, flesh-rending spears they held, and the flash of bronze from polished helms and new-burnished breast-plates and gleaming shields blinded the eyes. Very hard of heart would he have been, who could then have seen that strife with joy and felt no pang.' (4)
Here, again, the Hellenes applauded Homer admiringly, so far did the verses exceed the ordinary level; and demanded that he should be adjudged the winner. But the king gave the crown to Hesiod, declaring that it was right that he who called upon men to follow peace and husbandry should have the prize rather than one who dwelt on war and slaughter. In this way, then, we are told, Hesiod gained the victory and received a brazen tripod which he dedicated to the Muses with this inscription:
`Hesiod dedicated this tripod to the Muses of Helicon after he had conquered divine Homer at Chalcis in a contest of song.'
After the gathering was dispersed, Hesiod crossed to the mainland and went to Delphi to consult the oracle and to dedicate the first fruits of his victory to the god. They say that as he was approaching the temple, the prophetess became inspired and said:
`Blessed is this man who serves my house, -- Hesiod, who is honoured by the deathless Muses: surely his renown shall be as wide as the light of dawn is spread. But beware of the pleasant grove of Nemean Zeus; for there death's end is destined to befall you.'
When Hesiod heard this oracle, he kept away from the Peloponnesus, supposing that the god meant the Nemea there; and coming to Oenoe in Locris, he stayed with Amphiphanes and Ganyetor the sons of Phegeus, thus unconsciously fulfilling the oracle; for all that region was called the sacred place of Nemean Zeus. He continued to stay a somewhat long time at Oenoe, until the young men, suspecting Hesiod of seducing their sister, killed him and cast his body into the sea which separates Achaea and Locris. On the third day, however, his body was brought to land by dolphins while some local feast of Ariadne was being held. Thereupon, all the people hurried to the shore, and recognized the body, lamented over it and buried it, and then began to look for the assassins. But these, fearing the anger of their countrymen, launched a fishing boat, and put out to sea for Crete: they had finished half their voyage when Zeus sank them with a thunderbolt, as Alcidamas states in his "Museum". Eratosthenes, however, says in his "Hesiod" that Ctimenus and Antiphus, sons of Ganyetor, killed him for the reason already stated, and were sacrificed by Eurycles the seer to the gods of hospitality. He adds that the girl, sister of the above-named, hanged herself after she had been seduced, and that she was seduced by some stranger, Demodes by name, who was travelling with Hesiod, and who was also killed by the brothers. At a later time the men of Orchomenus removed his body as they were directed by an oracle, and buried him in their own country where they placed this inscription on his tomb:
`Ascra with its many cornfields was his native land; but in death the land of the horse-driving Minyans holds the bones of Hesiod, whose renown is greatest among men of all who are judged by the test of wit.'
So much for Hesiod. But Homer, after losing the victory, went from place to place reciting his poems, and first of all the "Thebais" in seven thousand verses which begins: `Goddess, sing of parched Argos whence kings...', and then the "Epigoni" in seven thousand verses beginning: `And now, Muses, let us begin to sing of men of later days'; for some say that these poems also are by Homer. Now Xanthus and Gorgus, son of Midas the king, heard his epics and invited him to compose a epitaph for the tomb of their father on which was a bronze figure of a maiden bewailing the death of Midas. He wrote the following lines: --
`I am a maiden of bronze and sit upon the tomb of Midas. While water flows, and tall trees put forth leaves, and rivers swell, and the sea breaks on the shore; while the sun rises and shines and the bright moon also, ever remaining on this mournful tomb I tell the passer-by that Midas here lies buried.'
For these verses they gave him a silver bowl which he dedicated to Apollo at Delphi with this inscription: `Lord Phoebus, I, Homer, have given you a noble gift for the wisdom I have of you: do you ever grant me renown.'
After this he composed the "Odyssey" in twelve thousand verses, having previously written the "Iliad" in fifteen thousand five hundred verses (5). From Delphi, as we are told, he went to Athens and was entertained by Medon, king of the Athenians. And being one day in the council hall when it was cold and a fire was burning there, he drew off the following lines:
`Children are a man's crown, and towers of a city, horses are the ornament of a plain, and ships of the sea; and good it is to see a people seated in assembly. But with a blazing fire a house looks worthier upon a wintry day when the Son of Cronos sends down snow.'
From Athens he went on to Corinth, where he sang snatches of his poems and was received with distinction. Next he went to Argos and there recited these verses from the "Iliad":
`The sons of the Achaeans who held Argos and walled Tiryns, and Hermione and Asine which lie along a deep bay, and Troezen, and Eiones, and vine-clad Epidaurus, and the island of Aegina, and Mases, -- these followed strong-voiced Diomedes, son of Tydeus, who had the spirit of his father the son of Oeneus, and Sthenelus, dear son of famous Capaneus. And with these two there went a third leader, Eurypylus, a godlike man, son of the lord Mecisteus, sprung of Talaus; but strong-voiced Diomedes was their chief leader. These men had eighty dark ships wherein were ranged men skilled in war, Argives with linen jerkins, very goads of war.' (6)
This praise of their race by the most famous of all poets so exceedingly delighted the leading Argives, that they rewarded him with costly gifts and set up a brazen statue to him, decreeing that sacrifice should be offered to Homer daily, monthly, and yearly; and that another sacrifice should be sent to Chios every five years. This is the inscription they cut upon his statue:
`This is divine Homer who by his sweet-voiced art honoured all proud Hellas, but especially the Argives who threw down the god- built walls of Troy to avenge rich-haired Helen. For this cause the people of a great city set his statue here and serve him with the honours of the deathless gods.'
After he had stayed for some time in Argos, he crossed over to Delos, to the great assembly, and there, standing on the altar of horns, he recited the "Hymn to Apollo" (7) which begins: `I will remember and not forget Apollo the far-shooter.' When the hymn was ended, the Ionians made him a citizen of each one of their states, and the Delians wrote the poem on a whitened tablet and dedicated it in the temple of Artemis. The poet sailed to Ios, after the assembly was broken up, to join Creophylus, and stayed there some time, being now an old man. And, it is said, as he was sitting by the sea he asked some boys who were returning from fishing:
`Sirs, hunters of deep-sea prey, have we caught anything?'
To this replied:
`All that we caught, we left behind, and carry away all that we did not catch.'
Homer did not understand this reply and asked what they meant. They then explained that they had caught nothing in fishing, but had been catching their lice, and those of the lice which they caught, they left behind; but carried away in their clothes those which they did not catch. Hereupon Homer remembered the oracle and, perceiving that the end of his life had come composed his own epitaph. And while he was retiring from that place, he slipped in a clayey place and fell upon his side, and died, it is said, the third day after. He was buried in Ios, and this is his epitaph:
`Here the earth covers the sacred head of divine Homer, the glorifier of hero-men.'

ENDNOTES:

(1) sc. the riddle of the fisher-boys which comes at the end of this work.
(2) The verses of Hesiod are called doubtful in meaning because they are, if taken alone, either incomplete or absurd.
(3) "Works and Days", ll. 383-392.
(4) "Iliad" xiii, ll. 126-133, 339-344.
(5) The accepted text of the "Iliad" contains 15,693 verses; that of the "Odyssey", 12,110.
(6) "Iliad" ii, ll. 559-568 (with two additional verses).
(7) "Homeric Hymns", iii.

Hesiod


Hesiod lived in the 8th century BCE, probably about the same time or shortly after Homer. He refers to himself as a farmer in Boeotia, a region of central Greece, but other than that we know little. His poetry codified the chronology and genealogy of the Greek myths. Works and Days and the Theogony are the only two complete works we have of Hesiod, other than the first few lines of a poem called the Shield of Heracles.

In Works and Days Hesiod divided time into five ages:--the Golden age, ruled by Cronos, when people lived extremely long lives 'without sorrow of heart'; the Silver age, ruled by Zeus; the Bronze age, an epoch of war; the Heroic age, the time of the Trojan war; and lastly the Iron age, the corrupt present. This is similar to Hindu and Buddhist concepts of the Kali Yuga. The idea of a Golden Age has likewise had a profound impact on western thought. Works and Days also discusses pagan ethics, extols hard work, and lists lucky and unlucky days of the month for various activities.


The Theogony presents the descent of the gods, and, along with the works of Homer, is one of the key source documents for Greek mythology; it is the Genesis of Greek mythology. It gives the clearest presentation of the Greek pagan creation myth, starting with the creatrix goddesses Chaos and Earth, from whom descended all the gods and men; it mentions hundreds of individual gods, goddesses, demi-gods, elementals and heroes.

Hesiodes work :

Works and Days, Hugh G. Evelyn-White, tr. [1914]

 The Theogony, Hugh G. Evelyn-White, tr. [1914]

The Theogony in Greek

HSS010 : Portals






"It's solely to the individuals force to escape the wheels of approaching deadly Fate "

1. Kailash - The final frontier 153 Bpm
2. Meon - Psychedelic Circus 165 Bpm
3. Axis Mundi - Calderone Circeo  175 Bpm
4. Dekhat Bhuli - El Canto De Las Sirenas 175 Bpm 
5. Murukhan - What defines Helicon 178 Bpm
6. Murukhan vs Eleusis - Last of a kind 180 Bpm
7. Dark Whisper - Polymorphia 180 Bpm
8. Jesus Raves  - Malaka dance 2012 180 Bpm
9. Shamanuel - Stargating 190 Bpm
10. CinderVomit - The activation of Cyclops 190 Bpm
Bonus Track :  Romeroz - Odysseus 152 Bpm

Mastering by Catatonic Despair 
Artwork by Sugahtank
Compiled by CRX and  Meon

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ΤΑ ΔΙΟΝΥΣΙΑΚΑ ΜΥΣΤΗΡΙΑ ΤΟΥ ΧΕΙΜΩΝΑ ΣΤΟΥΣ ΔΕΛΦΟΥΣ



«ΓΝΩΘΙ Σ’ ΑΥΤΟΝ».
Οι Δελφοί, το κέντρο και ο ομφαλός, υπήρξαν η εστία διαμόρφωσης της θρησκευτικής ψυχής του αρχαίου κόσμου, σκορπίζοντας τις ευεργετικές ακτίνες του Φοίβου σε όλους τους θνητούς, ενώ στους λίγους και μυημένους, σ’ εκείνους που το ποθούσαν και μπορούσαν να τ’ αντέξουν, το «μαύρο» Φως του Απόλλωνα, του Διόνυσου το Φως.

Η κατανόηση και η γεφύρωση των δύο όψεων, του Λογικού και του Παραλόγου, ήταν ο δρόμος που ανοιγόταν γι’ αυτόν που θα τολμούσε ν’ ανοίξει τη θύρα, πάνω στην οποία δεσπόζει η επιγραφή: «ΓΝΩΘΙ Σ’ ΑΥΤΟΝ».
Αρχέτυπα: Η ρευστή διαπερατότητα της φύσης τους δεν επιτρέπει ξεκάθαρους διαχωρισμούς και ακριβείς σχηματισμούς, παρά μόνο μια προσεγγιστική περιγραφή. Δεν είναι η μορφοποίηση που δίνει το ζωντανό νόημά τους, αλλά η συνολική τους παρουσίαση. Το ν’ αποπειραθεί κανείς να τα εντοπίσει με ακρίβεια, του στερεί τη διαύγεια του νοηματικού περιεχομένου του πυρήνα τους. Έτσι, όταν το αρχέτυπο σχηματοποιείται στην ύλη, παύει να είναι αυτό που ήταν. Διατηρείται στους αιώνες και χρειάζεται πάντα νέες ερμηνείες. Τα αρχέτυπα είναι τα αιώνια συστατικά του υπερσυνείδητου, αλλά διαρκώς μεταμορφώνονται στον κόσμο των φαινομένων.

Το πόσο κοντά στην αλήθεια βρίσκεται η ανωτέρω άποψη του C. Jung, γίνεται προφανές μέσα από μια προσπάθεια του αναζητητή, να καταδυθεί στον λαβύρινθο της βιβλιογραφίας, της πληθωρικής, σχετικά με μια απ’ τις μορφές του παιδιού-αρχέτυπου, του Διονύσου. Δεν είναι κάτι που μπορεί ν’ αγγίξει κανείς με την τετράγωνη λογική. Κάθε τέτοια απόπειρα θα έχει την φυγόκεντρη τάση να τον εξωθήσει στην περιφέρεια, χάνοντας έτσι την ουσία.

ΔΙΟΝΥΣΟΣ  ΚΙΘΑΡΩΔΟΣ- ΔΕΛΦΟΙ

 Ο ίδιος ο Διόνυσος, το «αρχέτυπο είδωλο άφθαρτης ζωής», είναι από τη φύση του εχθρός της λογικής σκέψης. Κηρύττει την περιφρόνηση στο λογικό, την υπακοή στους παλμούς της καρδιάς, το παραλήρημα του εγκεφάλου. Μόνο η ψυχολογική διαίσθηση και η δημιουργική φαντασία είναι ικανές να μας φέρουν σ’ επαφή με τις ίδιες τις πηγές της ζωής και του θανάτου, με τη διονυσιακή λατρεία και τα φαινόμενα της μετάλλαξης και της αναγέννησης που τη συνοδεύουν. Είναι η καρδιά του Διόνυσου του Ζαγρέα που πρέπει ν’ αναζητήσει ο νεόφυτος και να δονηθεί στον παλμό της, αυτή θα τον αναγεννήσει κι όχι τα κομμάτια του διαμελισμένου απ’ τους Τιτάνες σώματός του, τα θαμμένα απ’ τον Απόλλωνα παρά τον τρίποδά του, εκεί, στα άδυτα του ναού του μαντείου των Δελφών.
 Εδώ συναντήθηκαν οι δύο αδελφοί, οι δύο θεοί, που στην ουσία ήταν ένας, κι έδωσαν τα χέρια υπό έναν φοίνικα και ξαναενώθηκαν, ο ξανθόμαλλος Δωριεύς Απόλλων και ο εξ Ανατολής Διόνυσος των Θρακών, της Λυδίας, της Φρυγίας ή ακόμη ο ίδιος ο Όσιρις των Αιγυπτίων. Καταλύτης αυτής της αντίδρασης ο μύστης Ορφέας, ο Θράκας, που καταδύθηκε στα άδυτα των αιγυπτιακών μυστηρίων, αναζητώντας τη χαμένη Ευρυδίκη-ψυχή του που πλανιόταν στα τάρταρα. Μια τάξη ιερέων-πολεμιστών, η θρακική φρουρά, θα είναι εφεξής οι φύλακες της υψηλής διδασκαλίας. Έτσι οι Δελφοί, μέσα από το μαντείο τους και το αμφικτιονικό συνέδριο, που θα ενοποιήσει τους Έλληνες, θα γίνουν ο ομφαλός του κόσμου, ο ήλιος που θα σκορπίζει το φως του με τα Μυστήρια, τις γιορτές, τους ολυμπιακούς αγώνες.
 Εδώ, Απόλλων και Διόνυσος, συγχωνεύοντας μέσα τους τις προγενέστερες χθόνιες-σεληνιακές-θηλυκές θεότητες και λατρείες και απορροφώντας τις, συγκρούονται για την κυριαρχία και κατοχή του μαγικού τρίποδα και τελικά συμφιλιώνονται, μοιραζόμενοι μεταξύ τους τα βασίλεια του κόσμου. Ο Απόλλων κρατεί το ανατολικό αέτωμα του ναού, με τις Μούσες του, ο δε Διόνυσος με τις Θυιάδες το δυτικό.
 Έτσι ο Διόνυσος, ο ήλιος των μυστών, ο εσωτερικός αόρατος ήλιος, γίνεται η εσωτερική ουσία των πραγμάτων, η εσωτερική αλήθεια, ο κάτοχος και φύλακας των μυστηρίων της ζωής και του θανάτου, το θείο πνεύμα σ’ εξέλιξη μέσα στο σύμπαν και βασιλεύει στο μυστηριώδες υπερπέραν. Είναι η κοσμική ψυχή, μέρος της οποίας αποτελεί η ανθρώπινη, που τείνει να ενωθεί μαζί της και να επιστρέψει σ’ αυτήν μετά την ένωση του ανθρώπου με τον εαυτό του. Ο Απόλλων είναι η εκδήλωσή του στον γήινο άνθρωπο, αυτός που βασιλεύει στους ζωντανούς, η εφαρμογή της αλήθειας και της τάξης σ’ αυτούς, η επιστήμη δια της θεότητας, η ομορφιά δια της τέχνης, η αρμονία ψυχής και σώματος διαμέσου του εξαγνισμού.

 Ο Απόλλων χάνει την ιδιότητά του ως κυνηγού μετά τον φόνο του Πύθωνα και τον οκταετή εξαγνισμό που τον ακολούθησε, καθαρίζεται, ημερώνει, γίνεται ο εκπολιτιστής, αφήνοντας έτσι χώρο στον Διόνυσο τον Ζαγρέα (=κυνηγός ζωντανών) να έρθει και να γεμίσει τη σκοτεινή και άγρια αυτή όψη του.
 Ο Μουσαγέτης, με τον ερχομό του χειμώνα (φυσικού, ηθικού, πνευματικού) στη φύση, είτε στον άνθρωπο, είτε σε κάποια μορφή πολιτισμού, κουρασμένος, μη μπορώντας να δώσει σφρίγος από μόνος του, εγκαταλείπει το ιερό του και επιστρέφει στη χώρα των Υπερβορείων απ’ όπου κατάγεται, εκεί όπου ο ήλιος δεν δύει και εκεί παραμένει και αναπαύεται.

 Είναι ο καιρός του Διόνυσου να ξυπνήσει. Το μαντείο παύει να χρησμοδοτεί για τρεις μήνες και παραμένει κλειστό για τους επισκέπτες, που δύσκολα ούτως ή άλλως θα μπορούσαν να έρθουν, λόγω καιρικών συνθηκών. Όπως ο Παυσανίας γράφει: «Εν Δελφοίς, τον μεν άλλον ενιαυτόν παιάνι χρώνται περί τας θυσίας, αρχομένου δε χειμώνος, επεγείραντες του διθυράμβου, τον δε παιάνα καταπαύσαντες, τρεις μήνας αντ’εκείνου τούτον κατακαλούνται τον θεόν».
Ο παιάνας του Φοίβου αντικαθίσταται απ’ τον διθύραμβο τού δύο φορές γεννημένου Διόνυσου, απ’ την Περσεφόνη, τη Σεμέλη και τον μηρό του Δία εν τέλει. Είναι ο δελφικός μήνας Δαδοφόριος (Νοέμβριος-Δεκέμβριος). Οι Θυιάδες (βάκχες ή μαινάδες) θ’ ανέβουν στον Παρνασσό να ξυπνήσουν τον Διόνυσο-Λικνίτη, αυτόν που κοιμάται μέσα στο λίκνο, το ίδιο αυτό σκεύος που βλέπουμε σε παραστάσεις γεμισμένο με φρούτα και στη μέση τον φαλλό, σύμβολο του Διονύσου, σύμβολο γονιμότητας. Την ίδια ώρα το ίδιο θα κάνουν μέσα στο άδυτο του ναού και εκεί όπου πιστεύεται ότι βρίσκονται θαμμένα τα κομμάτια του Διόνυσου, οι πέντε όσιοι ιερείς του μαντείου, τελώντας μυστική θυσία.
 ΑΠΟΛΛΩΝ ΕΝ ΣΠΟΝΔΗ. ΜΟΥΣΕΙΟ ΔΕΛΦΩΝ

 Μαζί με τις δελφικές Θυιάδες –που οφείλουν τ’ όνομά τους στη Θυία, κόρη του Κασταλίου, αυτόχθονα από τους Δελφούς και πρώτη ιέρεια εκεί του Διόνυσου, είτε στο ρήμα θύω: μανίζω- έρχεται να ενωθεί κι ένας θίασος ακόμη γυναικών από την Αθήνα, σε πομπή μέσα στη νύχτα κρατώντας λαμπάδες -νυκτοπολία (Διόνυσος Νυκτέλιος), απ’όπου και το όνομα του μήνα Δαδοφόριου- και θύρσους, ξύλινες ράβδους με κώνο στην κορυφή στεμμένες με κισσούς ή φύλλα αμπέλου, όλα διονυσιακά σύμβολα, που μας παραπέμπουν στη ράβδο Djed του Όσιρι και στο κηρύκειο του Ερμή, τη σπονδυλική στήλη με τα δύο φίδια (Ίδα και Πιγκάλα – Δίας και Περσεφόνη) γύρω της τυλιγμένα, να καταλήγει στο κωνάριο ή επίφυση.

 Ξυπνά ο Διόνυσος ως Kουνταλίνι, διαρρέοντας τη σπονδυλική στήλη ως το κωνάριο, ξυπνά μέσα στην κούνια, στο λίκνο που φέρουν οι Θυιάδες, αν καταφέρουν και φτάσουν ορειβατώντας και δεν αποκλειστούν στα χιόνια και εκεί τους μεταδίδει τον ενθουσιασμό, την ένθεη μανία (Μαινάδες, Μαντική, Μάνας) και προφητεύουν όπως η πυθία του Απόλλωνα σε κατάσταση έκστασης, με το κεφάλι ριγμένο προς τα πίσω, χορεύουν το μαιναδικό χορό και τραγουδούν τον διθύραμβο γύρω από το λίκνο, όπως οι Kουρήτες έκαναν γύρω από τον Ζαγρέα για να τον προφυλάξουν.

 Τα παρνασσικά όργια συμπεριλάμβαναν τις τριετηρίδες και τις εννεαετηρίδες. Οι τριετηρίδες αφορούν τον Διόνυσο-Λικνίτη και σχετίζονται ίσως με τη διετή κάθοδο και παραμονή του Διόνυσου στο βασίλειο της Περσεφόνης και μάλλον αποτελούσαν προπαρασκευή των συμμετεχόντων στο εποχικό δράμα του θεού, στη βλαστική του όψη (αποτελούσε πιθανά ένα είδος φυλετικής μύησης για τις νεαρές Θυιάδες), το οποίο ετελείτο ετησίως, με τη συμβολική ρίψη στα νερά ενός ξύλινου ανθρώπινου ομοιώματος που παρίστανε τον χειμώνα, την περασμένη χρονιά, τον θάνατο και την ταυτόχρονη μεταφορά στην κοινότητα απ’ την εξοχή ενός άλλου, που παρίστανε την νέα χρονιά, την άνοιξη, τη ζωή. Ταυτόχρονα δύο θίασοι, ένας αρσενικός και ένας θηλυκός συναντιόνταν και τελούσαν τον «γάμο» των πρώτων τους, του «βασιλιά» ή πρώτου κούρου και της «βασίλισσας», οι οποίοι και θα αποτελούσαν το γονιμικό ζευγάρι της χρονιάς.

ΣΤΙΧΟΙ ΑΠΟ ΠΑΙΑΝΑ ΠΡΟΣ ΤΟΝ ΑΠΟΛΛΩΝΑ- ΔΕΛΦΟΙ- ΘΗΣΑΥΡΟΣ ΤΩΝ ΑΘΗΝΑΙΩΝ

 Οι εννεατηρίδες, έχοντας σαν υπόστρωμα τις προγενέστερες, ανά οκτώ έτη τελούμενες, της Χάριλας και της Ηρωίδας (θηλυκές τοπικές οντότητες), αφορούσαν την κάθοδο στον Άδη του Διονύσου, ο οποίος απελευθερώνει τη γήινη μητέρα του Σεμέλη, η οποία με την ανάστασή της ανεβαίνει με τον Διόνυσο στον Όλυμπο κι εκεί μετονομάζεται σε Θυώνη (εκ του ρήματος θύω). Έτσι η Σεμέλη (που σχετίζεται ίσως με την Σελήνη ή τη Γη: Θεμέλη-Θεμέλιο), ξαναγεννιέται σ’ έναν ανώτερο κόσμο και αποκτά καινούργιο όνομα.

 Ο Διόνυσος ξαναγεννιέται και επαναφέρει τον κόσμο στην αρχή του, στην κατάσταση του χάους, όπου οι δυνάμεις της μετατροπής, ανανέωσης και βελτίωσης των πραγμάτων θα ελευθερωθούν και θ’ αντλήσουν νέα στοιχεία απ’ τις αόρατες δεξαμενές, η καθεστηκυία τάξη θα κλονιστεί, κάτι νέο θ’ αναδυθεί. Είναι αυτή η περίοδος της μαγνητικής παύσης του Απόλλωνα, η ευκαιρία για μια άλλη δράση, υπόγεια και αόρατη, όπως η ζύμωση του οίνου, που τόσο στενά συνδέεται με τον Διόνυσο, αυτή που θα φέρει τη νέα Άνοιξη στη φύση, στον άνθρωπο και στον κόσμο.

 Τότε ο Απόλλων, καλεσμένος από τη δημιουργική δύναμη του αδελφού του, θα επιστρέψει πάνω στο χρυσό του άρμα, που το σέρνουν οι κύκνοι, από την χώρα των Υπερβορείων και, παίζοντας την επτάχορδη λύρα του, θα δώσει μορφή και θα εναρμονίσει αυτό που ο Ήρωας-Διόνυσος έφερε στο φως μετά την κατάδυσή του, εκπολιτίζοντας την προσφορά του κι ένας νέος κύκλος θ’ αρχίσει, με μια στροφή της σπείρας σε μια ανώτερη οκτάβα της κλίμακας.

ΒΙΒΛΙΟΓΡΑΦΙΑ
1.     Fernand Schwartz: «Η Νέα Ανθρωπολογία», εκδ. Ε.Ν.Α.
2.     H. Jeanmaire: «ΔΙΟΝΥΣΟΣ – Ιστορία της λατρείας του Βάκχου», εκδ. Κλειώ, Πάτραι
3.     Νικόλα Μαργιωρή: «Αποσυμβολισμός της ελληνικής μυθολογίας», εκδ. Ομακοείο
Αθηνών
4.      Γ. Σιέττος: «Τα Ορφικά Μυστήρια», εκδ. Πύρινος κόσμος
5.     C.G. Jung – C. Kerenyi: «Η επιστήμη της Μυθολογίας», εκδ. Ιάμβλιχος
6.     Χρ. Μαυρουδή: «Δελφικά Μυστήρια», εκδ. Πύρινος κόσμος
7.     Patri Aime: «Το Μαύρο Φως του Απόλλωνα», εκδ. Βιβλιοθήκη του Ρόδου
8.     Μάνλυ Χωλ – Ιππόλυτος ντα Κόστα: «Τα Διονυσιακά Μυστήρια», εκδ. Πύρινος κόσμος
9.     M. Detienne: «Ο Διόνυσος κάτω από τ’αστέρια», εκδ. Αλεξάνδρεια
10.     Άγγελου Σ. Βλάχου: «Πυθίας παραληρήματα», εκδ. Βιβλιοπωλείον της Εστίας Ι.Δ. Κολλάρου & Σ/ία
11.     Walter F. Otto: «Διόνυσος – Μύθος και λατρεία», εκδ. Του εικοστού πρώτου
12.     C. Kerenyi: «Η μυθολογία των Ελλήνων», εκδ. Βιβλιοπωλείον της Εστίας
13.     Παναγή Λεκατσά: «Διόνυσος», εκδ. Εταιρία σπουδών νεοελληνικού πολιτισμού και γενικής παιδείας (ιδρυτής σχολή Μωραϊτη)
14.     Joscelyn Godwin: «Μυστηριακές θρησκείες του αρχαίου κόσμου», εκδ. Καρδαμίτσα
15.     «Μυθολογία της Γεωργίας»

                                   

ΕΠΙΜΕΛΕΙΑ ΕΛΛΗΝΩΝ ΔΙΚΤΥΟ 2010 μ.Χ.

Τρίτη 10 Ιουλίου 2012

Zeus




The story of Zeus and how he led the Olympians to defeat the Titans and gain control of the universe.

Odysseus: Curse of the Sea



 Odysseus, king of Ithaca, leaves his wife and son to fight in the Trojan War. After destroying Troy, he attempts to sail home, but has to face many challenges. After defeating a cyclops on Sicily, the beast asks his father, Poseidon, to curse Odysseus.

Odysseus: Warrior’s Revenge



Odysseus continues his journey across the chaotic sea, confronting sorceresses, sea monsters, and even a journey into death itself to reach his wife before she is forced to marry another.

Σάββατο 23 Ιουνίου 2012

Η αληθινή διδασκαλία της Οδύσσειας





Άραγε αυτό γιατί δεν μας τα διδάξαν στο σχολείο;;;“..Διαβάστε το! Αρκούν 2 λεπτά
Αλλά μπορεί να το σκέπτεστε για πολύ περισσότερο
Άραγε μας τα διδάξαν στο σχολείο;;; μάλλον όχι γιατί πρόσεχα την ώρα των αρχαίων..

Είναι πολύ σημαντικό, αυτές τις κρίσιμες ώρες, να ρίξουμε μια ματιά στην βίβλο των Ελλήνων, δηλαδή στα ΟΜΗΡΙΚΑ ΕΠΗ και να διδαχτούμε, έστω και την τελευταία στιγμή, από το πνεύμα του Οδυσσέα.

ΔΗΛΑΔΗ: Να κρατήσουμε την ψυχραιμία μας, να ελέγξουμε την παρόρμηση να έχουμε τις

αισθήσεις μας και τις αντένες μας ΑΝΟΙΧΤΕΣ και να μην παρασυρθούμε από την οργή και το μένος που μας διακατέχει, ώστε να γίνουμε βορρά, στους σύγχρονους “μνηστήρες”.


Όταν ο Οδυσσέας φτάνει στην Ιθάκη, η μεγίστη επιθυμία του είναι ΝΑ ΠΑΡΕΙ ΠΙΣΩ ΤΟΝ ΚΟΣΜΟ ΤΟΥ, τον κόσμο που του έκλεψαν.


Παρά την μεγάλη του λαχτάρα, διατηρεί την ανωνυμία του και μεταμορφωμένος σε ζητιάνο από την ΘΕΑ ΑΘΗΝΑ, πηγαίνει στο παλάτι ώστε να ελέγξει την κατάσταση και να πάρει τις πληροφορίες που θέλει, υπομένοντας καρτερικά τις προσβολές και την χλεύη των μνηστήρων.


ΓΙΑΤΙ ΑΥΤΟ ΠΟΥ ΤΟΝ ΕΝΔΙΑΦΕΡΕΙ, ΕΙΝΑΙ Η ΕΠΙΤΕΥΞΗ ΤΟΥ ΣΤΟΧΟΥ ΚΑΙ ΟΧΙ Η ΣΤΕΙΡΑ ΑΝΤΙΠΑΡΑΘΕΣΗ.

Γι αυτό τον λόγο και είναι ο αγαπημένος της Θεάς ΑΘΗΝΑΣ, της Θεάς που αντιπροσωπεύει την ΝΟΗΣΗ ΤΟΥ ΔΙΟΣ, την ΣΟΦΙΑ, την ΣΤΡΑΤΗΓΙΚΗ ΤΗΣ ΣΚΕΨΗΣ ΚΑΙ ΤΟΥ ΠΟΛΕΜΟΥ.Της Θεάς που μελετά τον εχθρό και τον πολεμά με τα ίδια του τα όπλα.

Όταν όμως έρχεται η ώρα, όταν τους έχει στριμώξει όλους άοπλους σε ένα δωμάτιο, όταν φανερώνεται πάνοπλος, ΤΟΤΕ ΕΚΦΡΑΖΕΙ ΤΗΝ ΟΡΓΗ ΤΟΥ.

ΚΑΙ ΔΕΝ ΔΕΙΧΝΕΙ ΟΙΚΤΟ, ΓΙΑΤΙ Ο ΚΟΣΜΟΣ ΤΟΥ ΕΙΝΑΙ ΤΟ ΒΙΟΣ ΤΟΥ, που δημιούργησε με τον δικό του ιδρώτα, ΕΙΝΑΙ Η ΠΑΤΡΙΔΑ ΤΟΥ που οι μνηστήρες καταχράστηκαν και καπηλεύτηκαν μαζί με την φιλοξενία του οίκου του που τιμησε τον ΞΕΝΙΟ ΔΙΑ.


Ο ισχυρότερος αντίπαλός του είναι ο ΑΝΤΙΝΟΟΣ.

Η λέξη μιλά απο μόνη της.

Είναι η ΑΝΤΙ-ΝΟΗΣΗ, είναι αυτό που μας κάνουν ΤΩΡΑ, είναι ο τρόπος με τον οποίο θολώνουν τις καταστάσεις και την πραγματικότητα ώστε ΝΑ ΜΗΝ ΣΚΕΦΤΟΜΑΣΤΕ ΚΑΘΑΡΑ ΚΑΙ ΝΑ ΜΑΣ ΕΛΕΓΧΟΥΝ.


Είναι ο μεγαλύτερος κίνδυνος για την καθυπόταξη και δουλεία του ανθρώπου.

Ο επόμενος είναι ο ΕΥΡΥ-ΜΑΧΟΣ.

Αυτός που μάχεται με κάθε τρόπο, με εύρος, ΜΕ ΚΑΘΕ ΜΕΣΟΝ, ο δεινός και αδίστακτος μαχητής.

Ο ΑΜΦΙ-ΝΟΜΟΣ! Αυτός που διαστρεβλώνει τον ΝΟΜΟ και την τάξη των πραγμάτων, ο επικίνδυνος γιατί είναι ΕΤΣΙ και ΑΛΛΙΩΣ!

Ο ΑΓΕ-ΛΑΟΣ! Αυτός που άγει τον λαό, που τον παρασύρει με την βοήθεια του ΑΝΤΙ-ΝΟΟΥ.

Που τον μετατρέπει σε ΚΑΤΕΥΘΥΝΟΜΕΝΗ ΑΓΕΛΗ!

Κανένα όνομα στα Ομηρικά έπη δεν είναι δοσμένο στην τύχη!

Κρύβουν βαθύτατα νοήματα και στο χέρι μας είναι να τα αποκρυπτογραφήσουμε και να διδαχτούμε, ή καλύτερα να συνετιστούμε.

Οι πρόγονοί μας μιλούν, ΟΙ ΠΡΟΓΟΝΟΙ ΜΑΣ ΛΕΝΕ ΤΙ ΝΑ ΚΑΝΟΥΜΕ, μας λένε ΠΩΣ ΝΑ ΠΟΛΕΜΗΣΟΥΜΕ, μας λένε πως να τινάξουμε τον ζυγό.

ΑΡΚΕΙ, ΝΑ ΤΟΥΣ ΑΚΟΥΣΟΥΜΕ!

Και ο Αντίνοος, ο στόχος της πρώτης φονικής βολής του Οδυσσέα. Είναι αυτός ΠΟΥ ΠΡΕΠΕΙ να πεθάνει πρώτος.

Γι’ αυτό, μακριά από την προπαγάνδα των ΜΜΕ.

Και τον σκοτώνει ρίχνοντας του το βέλος στον ΛΑΙΜΟ, το ΟΡΓΑΝΟ ΤΗΣ ΟΜΙΛΙΑΣ δηλαδή της επικοινωνίας που την χρησιμοποιεί ενάντια στην νόηση των ανθρώπων! ..”

Lost Reflection - Hellas

Lost Reflection (Jim K.), an artist from Athens, Greece.Born in 1985.
In 2011 he gave the first steps of production when he decides to create Lost Reflection project.
He is also Helicon Sound System Records label manager. 
His style can be described as a fusion of the modern trends of psytrance heavily influenced by the Athenian darkpsy aura. Through music Lost Reflection seeks to escape from the matrix in order to make a journey to the Platonic world of ideas and their reflections. 

Τρίτη 15 Μαΐου 2012

Ο ΤΑΦΟΣ ΤΟΥ ΟΜΗΡΟΥ


H MΥΣΤΙΚΗ ΙΛΙΑ∆Α ΤΟΥ ΟΜΗΡΟΥ


Και ο Θεός έφτιαξε τον κόσμο - 10 Μύθοι Δημιουργίας

Και ο Θεός δημιούργησε τον κόσμο. Κάθε πολιτισμός έχει να παρουσιάσει μια ιστορία δημιουργίας. Αρχέγονα πλάσματα ξεπηδούν από το αρχαίο διάστημα, θεότητες και συχνά τέρατα, που άλλοτε μαλώνουν μεταξύ τους και άλλοτε ενώνονται για να δημιουργήσουν στρατιές αθάνατων πλασμάτων. Σε άλλους μύθους ο άνθρωπος μοιάζει σαν ένα παραπροϊόν αυτής της διαδικασίας, ενώ σε κάποιους φαίνεται πως ο κόσμος δημιουργήθηκε μόνο και μόνο για τον άνθρωπο.


Θα δούμε στη συνέχεια 10 ακόμα μύθους δημιουργίας. Του κόσμου, αλλά και των ανθρώπων.



10) Το σφυρί των Θεών: Νορβηγική Μυθολογία

Με την αφθονία της σε ρωμαλέους και εύρωστους θεούς παρέα με καλόβολες θεές, η αρχαία νορβηγική θρησκεία των σκανδιναβικών και γερμανικών χωρών προσφέρει τον ιδανικό δημιουργικό μύθο για τους λάτρεις των αγώνων πάλης αλλά και της μουσικής Heavy Metal. Σύμφωνα με τις νορβηγικές παραδόσεις πριν από την ύπαρξη της Γης (Midgard) υπήρχε η Muspell, μια φλεγόμενη χώρα με φύλακες που κράδαιναν πύρινα σπαθιά, το αχανές κενό διάστημα (Ginnungagap) και το Niflheim που ήταν μια περιοχή σκεπασμένη με πάγο. Όταν το ψύχος του Niflheim άγγιξε τις φλόγες του Muspell ο γιγάντιος Ymir και η αγελάδα μεγαθήριο Auehumla αναδύθηκαν από τους λιωμένους πάγους. Στη συνέχεια η αγελάδα έγλειψε τον θεό Bor και τη γυναίκα του και τους έφερε στη ζωή. Το ζευγάρι γέννησε τον Buri που έκανε τρεις γιους, τους Odin, Vili και Ve. Οι γιοι μεγάλωσαν και σκότωσαν τον Ymir και από το σώμα του δημιούργησαν: από τη σάρκα του τη Γη, από τα οστά του τα βουνά, από τις τρίχες του τα δέντρα και από το αίμα του τα ποτάμια, τις λίμνες και τη θάλασσα. Τέλος, από το κρανίο του οι θεοί δημιούργησαν τον ουρανό με τα αστέρια.









9) Ζωροαστρισμός, η θρησκεία της αρχαίας Περσίας

Σύμφωνα με τις δοξασίες της μέσης εποχής της Περσίας ο κόσμος δημιουργήθηκε από τη θεότητα Ahura Mazda. Το μεγάλο βουνό Alburz μεγάλωνε για 800 χρόνια μέχρι που άγγιξε τον ουρανό. Τότε έπεσε βροχή που σχημάτισε τη θάλασσα Vourukasha και δύο μεγάλους ποταμούς. Το πρώτο ζώο που ήταν ένας λευκός ταύρος έζησε στις όχθες του ποταμού Veh Rod. Όμως το κακό πνεύμα Angra Mainyu τον σκότωσε. Το σπέρμα του μεταφέρθηκε στη Σελήνη και εξαγνίστηκε κι έτσι δημιουργήθηκαν πολλά ζώα και φυτά. Δίπλα στον ποταμό ζούσε ο πρώτος άνθρωπος ο Gayomard, που ήταν φωτεινός σαν τον Ήλιο. Ο Angra Mainyu τον σκότωσε και εκείνον. Ο Ήλιος όμως εξάγνισε το σπέρμα του για 40 χρόνια απ' όπου μετά βλάστησε το φυτό ραβέντι. Το φυτό μεγάλωσε και μεταμορφώθηκε στους Mashya και Mashyanag, τους πρώτους θνητούς. Αντί να τους σκοτώσει όμως ο Angra Mainyu τους ξεγέλασε και τους έκανε να τον λατρεύουν. Μετά από 50 χρόνια γέννησαν δίδυμα, αλλά τα δίδυμα αυτά κουβαλούν τις αμαρτίες των γονέων τους. Μετά από πολύ καιρό γεννήθηκαν άλλα δύο δίδυμα και από αυτά προήλθαν όλοι οι άνθρωποι και ιδιαίτερα οι Πέρσες.





8) Από τους Ποταμούς της Βαβυλώνας

Ο βαβυλωνιακός δημιουργικός μύθος, το Enuma Elish, ξεκινά με τους θεούς των νερών, τον Apsu (φρεσκάδα) και την Tiamat (αλμύρα), που δημιούργησαν διάφορες γενιές θεών με αρχηγό τον Ea και τους πολλούς του αδελφούς. Αλλά αυτοί οι νέοι θεοί έκαναν τόσο θόρυβο που οι Apsu και Tiamat δεν μπορούσαν να κοιμηθούν. Έτσι ο Apsu σχεδίασε να τους σκοτώσει αλλά πρόλαβε και τον σκότωσε ο Ea. Η Tiamat ορκίστηκε εκδίκηση και δημιούργησε μια σειρά από τέρατα, μεταξύ των οποίων ήταν ο τρελός σκύλος και ο άνθρωπος σκορπιός. Ο Ea και η θεά Damkina έκαναν τον Marduk, έναν γιγάντιο θεό με τέσσερα μάτια και τέσσερα αυτιά για να τους προστατεύει. Παλεύοντας με την Tiamat ο Marduk χρησιμοποίησε τους ανέμους σαν όπλα του και εκτόξευσε έναν κακό άνεμο στο λαιμό της με αποτέλεσμα να την εξουδετερώσει. Τότε τη σκότωσε με ένα μοναδικό βέλος που της έριξε στην καρδιά. Χώρισε στη συνέχεια το σώμα της στα δύο και το χρησιμοποίησε για να φτιάξει τους ουρανούς και τη Γη. Αργότερα έφτιαξε τον άνθρωπο για να κάνει τις σκληρές δουλειές που οι θεοί αρνούνταν να κάνουν, όπως την καλλιέργεια της γης και την κτηνοτροφία.





7) Τα Πνεύματα της Αρχαίας Αιγύπτου

Οι αρχαίοι Αιγύπτιοι είχαν διάφορους μύθους δημιουργίας. Όλοι ξεκινούν με τα στροβιλώδη, χαοτικά νερά της Nun. Ο Atum ήρθε στη ζωή και στη συνέχεια δημιούργησε ένα βουνό, ώστε να υπάρχει ένα μέρος για να σταθεί. Δεν είχε φύλο και διέθετε ένα μάτι που μπορούσε να δει τα πάντα. Γέννησε έναν γιο τον Shu που ήταν ο θεός του αέρα. Στη συνέχεια έκανε εμετό μια κόρη την Tefnut, που ήταν η θεά της υγρασίας. Ο ρόλος τους ήταν να δημιουργήσουν τάξη από το χάος. Ο Shu και η Tefnut δημιούργησαν τον Geb και τη Nut που ήταν αντίστοιχα η γη και ο ουρανός. Στην αρχή ήταν ενωμένοι αλλά στη συνέχεια ο Geb άφησε τη Nut να υψωθεί πάνω από αυτόν. Σταδιακά σχηματίστηκε η κοσμική τάξη, αλλά ο Shu και η Tefnut χάθηκαν στο σκοτάδι που είχε απομείνει. Ο Atum έβγαλε το μάτι του που έβλεπε τα πάντα και το έστειλε για να τους ψάξει. Όταν ο Shu και η Tefnut γύρισαν εξαιτίας του ματιού, ο Atum δάκρυσε από χαρά. Στα σημεία που έπεσαν τα δάκρυα ξεφύτρωσαν οι άνθρωποι.





6) Μεξικό, οι Αζτέκοι

Η γήινη μητέρα των Αζτέκων, η Coatlicue ('φούστα από φίδια') απεικονίζεται με τρόπο που προκαλεί τρόμο, να φοράει ένα περιδέραιο από ανθρώπινες καρδιές και χέρια και μια φούστα από φίδια, όπως υποδηλώνει και το όνομά της. Η Coatlicue έμεινε έγκυος από ένα μαχαίρι από οψιδιανό και γέννησε την Coyolxauhqui, θεά της Σελήνης, και 400 γιους που έγιναν τα άστρα του νότιου ουρανού. Αργότερα έπεσε από τον ουρανό μία μπάλα από φτερά και η Coatlique τη μάζεψε και την έκρυψε στη ζώνη της κι έτσι έμεινε ξανά έγκυος. Η Coyolxauhqui και τα αδέλφια της στράφηκαν εναντίον στη μητέρα τους, θυμωμένοι και σοκαρισμένοι από τη δεύτερη εγκυμοσύνη της, που δεν ήξεραν από πού προήλθε. Ωστόσο, το παιδί που βρισκόταν μέσα της, ο Huitzilopochtli, θεός του πολέμου και θεός του ήλιου, πήδηξε από τα σπλάχνα της πλήρως μεγαλωμένος και οπλισμένος. Επιτέθηκε στην Coyolxauhqui και τη σκότωσε με τη βοήθεια ενός φλεγόμενου ερπετού. Της έκοψε το κεφάλι και το πέταξε στον ουρανό, όπου έγινε το φεγγάρι, πράγμα που ανακούφισε τη μητέρα του.



5) Κίνα, το Μέσο Βασίλειο

Ένα κοσμικό αυγό επέπλεε στο άχρονο διάστημα και περιείχε τις αντίθετες δυνάμεις του yin και του yang. Μετά από αιώνες επώασης το πρώτο ον, ο Pan Gu ήρθε στη ζωή. Τα βαριά τμήματα του αυγού (yin) παρασύρθηκαν προς τα κάτω σχηματίζοντας τη Γη. Τα ελαφρύτερα τμήματα (yang) υψώθηκαν και σχημάτισαν τον ουρανό. Ο Pan Gu φοβούμενος ότι τα τμήματα του αυγού θα επανενωθούν, στάθηκε επάνω στη Γη και κράτησε τον ουρανό. Ψήλωνε 3 μέτρα κάθε μέρα για 18.000 χρόνια μέχρι που ο ουρανός έφτασε σε απόσταση 30.000 μιλίων ψηλά. Όταν τελείωσε η αποστολή του, πέθανε. Τα μέλη του μεταμορφώθηκαν σε στοιχεία του κόσμου, κάποια από αυτά έγιναν ζώα, κάποια έγιναν καιρικά φαινόμενα ή ουράνια σώματα. Κάποιοι λένε ότι οι ψύλλοι που κάθονταν πάνω του έγιναν άνθρωποι, αλλά υπάρχει και μια δεύτερη εκδοχή. Η θεά Nuwa ένιωθε μοναξιά και έτσι έφτιαξε τους ανθρώπους από λάσπη που βρήκε στον Κίτρινο Ποταμό. Αυτοί οι πρώτοι άνθρωποι τη γοήτευσαν αλλά επειδή έπαιρνε πολύ χρόνο για να τους φτιάξει, σκόρπισε σταγόνες λάσπης σε όλη τη Γη και κάθε μία από αυτές έγινε ένας νέο άνθρωπος. Αυτοί οι βιαστικά φτιαγμένοι άνθρωποι έγιναν οι κοινοί άνθρωποι, ενώ οι προηγούμενοι ήταν οι εκλεκτοί.

4)Ιαπωνία, η Γη ως νησί

Οι θεοί δημιούργησαν δύο θεϊκά αδέλφια τον Izanagi και την αδελφή του την Izanami που στάθηκαν πάνω σε μια γέφυρα που έπλεε στον αρχέγονο ωκεανό. Χρησιμοποιώντας την χρυσοποίκιλτη λόγχη των θεών τάραξαν τα νερά και αναδύθηκε το πρώτο νησί, το Onogoro. Τα δύο αδέλφια παντρεύτηκαν επάνω στο νησί και έκαναν τέσσερις απογόνους που ήταν παραμορφωμένοι. Οι θεοί το απέδωσαν σε κάποια παράβαση ενός πρωτοκόλλου. Κατά τη διάρκεια της τελετής του γάμου, η Izanami μίλησε πρώτη. Στην τελετή του γάμου τους τα δύο αδέλφια διεκδίκησαν τον σχηματισμό των νησιών της Ιαπωνίας καθώς και τη δημιουργία μερικών ακόμα θεοτήτων. Ωστόσο, στη γέννα του Kagutsuchi Kami, του θεού της φωτιάς, η Izanami πέθανε. Συντετριμμένος ο Izanagi την ακολούθησε στο Yomi, τη χώρα των νεκρών. Η Izanami που είχε φάει την τροφή του Yomi δεν μπορούσε να γυρίσει πίσω. Όταν ο Izanagi είδε ξαφνικά το σώμα της να αποσυντίθεται ένιωσε τρόμο και απομακρύνθηκε τρέχοντας. Η Izanami εξοργίστηκε και τον καταδίωξε παρέα με αποκρουστικές γυναίκες. Ο Izanagi πέταξε κατά πάνω τους προσωπικά αντικείμενα, τα οποία μετατράπηκαν σε διαστροφές. Διαφεύγοντας από τη σπηλιά που ήταν η είσοδος του Yomi την έφραξε με έναν ογκόλιθο και έτσι διαχώρισε για πάντα τη ζωή από το θάνατο.



3)Ινδική Κοσμολογία, Ραντεβού με τον Brahma

Η ινδική κοσμολογία περιλαμβάνει πολλούς μύθους δημιουργίας και οι αρχικοί πρωταγωνιστές έχουν ανεβεί και κατεβεί σε σημαντικότητα κατά τη διάρκεια των αιώνων. Το αρχαίο βεδικό κείμενο, η Rig Veda, αναφέρεται σε ένα γιγάντιο ον, το Purusha, που είχε χίλια κεφάλια, μάτια και πόδια και μπορούσε να αγκαλιάσει τη Γη. Όταν οι θεοί το θυσίασαν, το σώμα του παρήγαγε καθαρό βούτυρο από το οποίο δημιουργήθηκαν τα πουλιά και τα ζώα. Τα μέλη του σώματός του μεταμορφώθηκαν στα στοιχεία του κόσμου και στους θεούς Agni, Vayu και Indra. Επίσης, από το σώμα του δημιουργήθηκαν οι τέσσερις κάστες της ινδικής κοινωνίας: οι ιερείς, οι πολεμιστές, οι πολίτες και οι υπηρέτες. Αργότερα στην ιστορία η τριάδα των Brahma (δημιουργός), Vishnu (διατηρητής) και του Shiva (καταστροφέας) απέκτησαν εξέχουσα θέση στην ινδική κοσμολογία. Ο Brahma εμφανίζεται επάνω σε έναν λωτό που ξεφυτρώνει από τον αφαλό του κοιμούμενου Vishnu. Ο Brahma είναι ο δημιουργός του σύμπαντος που διαρκεί για μια μέρα του Brahma, ή 4,32 δισεκατομμύρια χρόνια. Μετά ο Shiva καταστρέφει το σύμπαν και ο κύκλος αρχίζει ξανά.

2)Οι Έλληνες και οι Τιτάνες

Οι αρχαίοι έλληνες ποιητές εξιστορούσαν πολλές κοσμογονίες. Αυτή που έχει διατηρηθεί καλύτερα είναι η Θεογονία του Ησιόδου. Στο έπος αυτό, μέσα από το αρχέγονο χάος ήρθαν οι πρώτες θεότητες, όπως η Γαία (η μητέρα Γη). Η Γαία δημιούργησε τον Ουρανό για να καλυφθεί. Γέννησαν μια ολόκληρη στρατιά θεών και τεράτων, ανάμεσα στους οποίους ήταν οι Εκατόγχειρες, 3 τέρατα με 50 κεφάλια και 100 χέρια που ονομαζόντουσαν Βριάρεως (στιβαρός), Κόττος (μανιώδης) και Γύης (αυτός που έχει ανίκητα μέλη) και οι Κύκλωπες που είχαν μόνο ένα μάτι στο κέντρο του μετώπου τους. Μετά ήρθαν οι Τιτάνες, 6 γιοι και 6 κόρες. Ο Ουρανός αντιμετώπισε με περιφρόνηση τα παιδιά τέρατα και τα φυλάκισε στα Τάρταρα, τα σπλάχνα της Γης. Η Γη εξοργισμένη έδωσε ένα τεράστιο δρεπάνι στο νεότερο γιο της τον Κρόνο, μαζί με οδηγίες. Όταν μετά ο Ουρανός εμφανίστηκε για να συνουσιαστεί με τη Γαία, ο Κρόνος ξεπήδησε και του έκοψε με το δρεπάνι τα γεννητικά όργανα. Εκεί όπου έπεσε το αίμα και τα τμήματα από τα όργανα του Ουρανού, δημιουργήθηκαν τέσσερα ακόμα πλάσματα, οι Γίγαντες, οι Ερινύες, οι Μελίες Νύμφες και η Αφροδίτη που γεννήθηκε από το σπέρμα του Ουρανού που έπεσε στην αφρισμένη θάλασσα. Αργότερα ο Κρόνος έγινε ο πατέρας της επόμενης γενιάς θεών, του Δία και κάποιων από τους Ολύμπιους.


1)Η Γένεση των Ιουδεοχριστιανικών και Ισλαμικών Θρησκειών

Η Γένεση είναι το πρώτο βιβλίο της εβραϊκής Torah και της χριστιανικής βίβλου και περιλαμβάνει δύο ιστορίες δημιουργίας, οι οποίες είναι αποδεκτές σήμερα σε μεγάλο βαθμό από Εβραίους, Χριστιανούς και Μουσουλμάνους. Στην πρώτη ιστορία λέει ο θεός να γίνει Φως και εμφανίζεται το φως. Σε έξι ημέρες δημιουργεί τον ουρανό, τη γη, τα φυτά, τον ήλιο και το φεγγάρι, τα ζώα και όλα τα πλάσματα μαζί με τους ανθρώπους. Τους εύχεται να αυξάνονται και να πληθαίνουν, πράγμα το οποίο πράττουν. Την έβδομη ημέρα ο θεός ξεκουράζεται και συλλογίζεται το έργο του.





Στη δεύτερη ιστορία ο θεός δημιουργεί τον πρώτο άνθρωπο, τον Αδάμ, από την ίδια τη γη. Του φτιάχνει τον κήπο της Εδέμ, αλλά του απαγορεύει να φάει από το Δέντρο της Γνώσεως του Καλού και του Κακού. Ο Αδάμ απασχολείται με το να δίνει ονόματα στα ζώα, αλλά νιώθει μόνος. Έτσι, ο θεός τον αναισθητοποιεί και παίρνοντας ένα πλευρό του φτιάχνει την πρώτη γυναίκα, την Εύα. Αλλά ένα φίδι που μιλάει την πείθει να δοκιμάσει από τον απαγορευμένο καρπό και στη συνέχεια η Εύα πείθει τον Αδάμ να κάνει το ίδιο. Όταν το ανακαλύπτει ο θεός τους εξορίζει από τον κήπο και τους κάνει θνητούς.